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Conserving and restoring
America's native plants |
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CPC National Collection Plant Profile
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Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei
| Family: |
Malvaceae (Mallow Family) |
| Common Name: |
native yellow hibiscus |
| Taxon Synonym: |
Hibiscus brackenridgei var. molokaiana |
| Author: |
(Roe) D. Bates |
| Growth
Habit: |
Shrub |
| CPC
Number: |
6328 |
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| Primary
custodian for this plant in the CPC National Collection of Endangered
Plants is: |
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| David Orr contributed to this Plant Profile. |
Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei
|
Hibiscus brackenridgei is Hawai`i's State flower and a member of the mallow family (Malvaceae). It is a sprawling shrub to small tree with beautiful yellow flowers with a maroon spot in the center. Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei is currently known only from 7 populations with a total of less than 60 plants. They are found on the islands of Hawai`i, Maui and Lana`i in lowland dry to mesic forest and shrubland.
Threats such as habitat degradation and possible predation by pigs, goats, deer and cattle; competition with alien plant species; road construction; fire and random naturally occurring events have significantly reduced the number of populations and plant numbers and some cases extinction in some areas.
| Distribution
& Occurrence |
|
State Range
Habitat
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Lowland dry to mesic forest and shrubland from sea level up to 370 meters in elevation (USFWS 1999) and (Wagner et al. 1999). |
Distribution
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• Molokai-historically known at Laau Point but now thought to be extinct.
• Lanai-Near Keomuku Road.
• West Maui-Kaunohua Gulch and the West Maui Natural Area Reserve
• East Maui- Near Puu o Kali and Keokea.
• Hawai`i- Lalamilo and Puu Anahulu
(USFWS 1999) |
Number Left
| |
• Lana`i-1 population
• Maui-5 populations
• Hawai`i-2 populations
Less than 60 plants total remain.
(USFWS 1999, 2001) |
State/Area
Protection
| |
State/Area |
Rank |
Status |
Date |
|
| |
Hawaii |
S1 |
LE |
4/11/2002 |
|
| Conservation,
Ecology & Research |
|
Ecological
Relationships
| |
Little is known about the life history of this plant. Pollination biology, longevity, specific environmental requirements and limiting factors are unknown (USFWS 1999) |
Threats
| |
Feral and wild ungulates
Alien plant species
Low number of individuals
Fire
Invertebrates
Rats
Development
(USFWS 1999, 2001) |
Current Research Summary
| |
Propagation through seeds.
(USFWS 1999) |
Current Management Summary
| |
• Fenced exclosure of outplanting at Puuwaawaa/Kaupulehu area.
• Fenced exclosure of Kaunohua Gulch, Maui population.
• In April, 2002, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service determined that a designation of critical habitat was prudent for this species. (USFWS 2002) |
Research Management Needs
| |
Construct more exclosures to protect the other wild populations.
Control competing alien plant species.
Enhance wild populations and establish new populations.
Protect from fire.
Monitoring of existing plants.
Control feral and wild ungulates.
Control rats.
Control invertebrates.
(USFWS 1999) |
Ex Situ Needs
| |
Genetic studies.
Physiological studies.
Seed banking.
Ex situ plantings in botanical gardens.
Increase genetic stock through propagation.
(USFWS 1999) |
|
| Books (Single Authors)
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| Bornhorst, H.L.; Rauch, F.D. 1994. Native Hawaiian Plants for Landscaping, Conservation, and Reforestation. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii--Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 18p. |
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| Wagner, W.L.; Bruegmann, M.M.; Herbst, D.R; Lau, J.Q.C. 1999. Hawaiian Vascular Plants at Risk: 1999. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press Honolulu. |
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| Wagner, W.L.; Herbst, D.R.; Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawai'i--Revised Edition. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press and Bishop Museum Press. 1853p. |
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| Books (Sections)
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| Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the U.S., Canada, and Greenland. In: Kartesz, J.T.; Meacham, C.A., editors. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden. Chapel Hill, NC. |
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| Electronic Sources
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| (2002). Hawaiian Native Plant Genera. ¬ Gerald D. Carr, University of Hawaii Botany Department. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/natives.htm. Accessed: 2002. |
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| (2002). Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. [Web-based, searchable database] College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources: University of Hawaii at Manoa. http://pdcs.ctahr.hawaii.edu:591/hawnprop/botlist.htm. Accessed: 2002. |
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| Lum, B. Native Hawaiian Gardens. ¬ Burt Lum, 1996-98. http://www.brouhaha.net/nahele/main.html. Accessed: 2002. |
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| Yee, J. (2000). Native Hawaiian Plants. [Web site] Personal Web site. http://home.hawaii.rr.com/yee/nativeplants.html. Accessed: 2002. |
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| Yoshinaga, A. (2002). Seed storage characteristics of Hawaiian species. [Web site] University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96848. http://www.hawaii.edu/scb/seed/seedtabl.html. Accessed: 2002. |
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| Journal Articles
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| USFWS. 1976. Proposed Endangered Status for 1700 U.S. Plants. Federal Register. 41: 24523-24572. |
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| USFWS. 1993. Proposed Endangered status for 12 plants from the Hawaiian Islands. Federal Register. 58, 176: 48012-48030. |
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| USFWS. 1994. Endangered Status for 12 Plants From the Hawaiian Islands. Federal Register. 59, 217: 56333-56351. |
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| USFWS. 2000. Determinations of Prudency and Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe, Hawaii. Federal Register. 65, 243: 143. |
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| USFWS. 2002. Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Federal Register. 67, 102: 36968-37016. |
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| USFWS. 2002. Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Federal Register. 67, 102: 37108-37156. |
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| USFWS. 2002. Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Lanai, HI. Federal Register. 67, 42: 9806-9871. |
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| USFWS. 2002. Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Island of Molokai, Hawaii. Federal Register. 67, 66: 16492-16579. |
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| USFWS. 2002. Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for Plant Species From the Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe. Federal Register. 67, 64: 15856-15987. |
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| Newspaper Articles
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| Vogel, S. 2001 Friday, April 27, 2001. In bloom: Flower show emphasizes native species. Honolulu Star-Bulletin; Honolulu, HI. |
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| Personal Communications
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| Lamoureux, C.H. July 21, 1995. Info. on and slides for 20 National Collection taxa for CPC. Letter to Sud, Anukriti. University of Hawaii at Manoa. |
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| Reports
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| 2002. Site Characterization for Kaho`olawe Island. |
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| MISC. 2001. Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC), Pulling Together Initiative. 2002 Project Proposal. Submitted to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. p.14. |
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| USFWS. 1999. Recovery Plan for Multi-Island Plants. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p.206 + appendices. |
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| USFWS. 2001. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species List. March 30, 2000. Honolulu: Unpublished. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p.19. |
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