CPC National Collection Plant Profile

Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii

Photographer:
Holly Forbes

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CPC National Collection Plant Profile

Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii


Family: 
Ericaceae  
Common Names: 
Presidio manzanita, Raven's manzanita
Author: 
P.V. Wells
Growth Habit: 
Subshrub, Shrub
CPC Number: 
222

Distribution
Protection
Conservation
References


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Arctostaphylos hookeri var. raveniienlarge
Photographer: Holly Forbes
hforbes[at]berkeley.edu

Arctostaphylos hookeri var. raveniienlarge
Photographer: Holly Forbes
hforbes[at]berkeley.edu


Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii is Partially Sponsored
Primary custodian for this plant in the CPC National Collection of Endangered Plants is: 
Holly Forbes contributed to this Plant Profile.

 
Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii


Raven's manzanita is a low-growing evergreen shrub with urn-shaped white to pink flowers. It was rediscovered by Peter Raven when he was a young boy in San Francisco in 1952 (it was described as subspecies ravenii in 1968). There is one naturally occurring plant left in its native habitat, located on a slope facing the Pacific Ocean in the San Francisco Presidio. This area is now managed by the Presidio Trust, a government corporation.

Distribution & Occurrence

State Range
  California
State Range of  Arctostaphylos hookeri var. ravenii
Habitat
  This species grows best on slightly acidic, serpentine soils that occur in isolated outcrops.

Distribution
  Raven's manzanita is known only from the San Francisco Presidio. It was formerly found at several localities in San Francisco County.

Number Left
  One known wild plant is maintained in an area on the Presidio Army Base in San Francisco, CA. Additional identical clones have been planted nearby and are also in cultivation at the University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley and in other gardens (USFWS 2001).

Protection

Global Rank:  
G3T1
 
2/16/2009
Guide to Global Ranks
Federal Status:  
LE
 
10/26/1979
Guide to Federal Status
Recovery Plan:  
Yes
 
9/1/2001

State/Area Protection
  State/Area Rank Status Date  
  California S1.1 1 11/1/1978  

Conservation, Ecology & Research

Ecological Relationships
  • Raven's manzanita occurs on serpentine soil substrate (bedrock outcrop).
• The flowers are apparently self-compatible, producing seeds of less than 20% viability, although further study is needed.
(USFWS 2001)

Threats
  • Low numbers
• Limited distribution
• Habitat loss due to urban development
• Competition with other species (shading)
• Fungal pathogen(s) (including twig blight)

Current Research Summary
  A study of the phylogeny of the Arctostaphylos hookeri complex (Markos et al. 1999).

Current Management Summary
  On-going effort is needed to protect the original clone and additional plants from being shaded by invasive plants or damaged by vandalism. The number of populations should be increased at various locations within the Presidio to reduce the risk of extinction (USFWS 2001).

Research Management Needs
  Multiple experimental populations of sexually reproductive Raven's manzanita should be established at interior San Francisco locations isolated from the Presidio (USFWS 2001).

Ex Situ Needs
  • The production of new seedling-grown plants resulting from self-fertilization under controlled conditions could be used in the development of new populations (USFWS 2001).
• Genetic analysis of open-pollinated seed generated plants at the UC Botanical Garden is needed to determine their status as pure strains or hybrids.

References

Books (Single Authors)

Adams, J.E. 1935. A Systematic Study of the Genus Arctostaphylos. Berkeley: Berkeley Press.

Books (Edited Volumes)

James C. Hickman, Editor. 1993 The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1400p.

Electronic Sources

CalPhotos. (2002). CalPhotos: Berkely Digital Library Project. University of California, Berkeley. http://elib.cs.berkeley.edu/photos/. Accessed: 2002.

CDFG. (2002). California's Plants and Animals, Threatened and Endangered Plants. List and Species Accounts. California Department of Fish and Game, Habitat Conservation Planning Branch. http://www.dfg.ca.gov/hcpb/species/t_e_spp/teplant/teplanta.shtml. Accessed: 2002.

USFWS. (2002). Some Threatened & Endangered Plants Found Mainly in California. Sacramento Fish and Wildlife Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. http://sacramento.fws.gov/es/plant_spp_accts/acctplant.htm. Accessed: 2002.

Wood, M. (1996 (ongoing)). Focus on Rarities. [Web site] Yerba Buena Chapter, California Native Plant Society. http://www.cnps-yerbabuena.org/. Accessed: 2002.

Journal Articles

Raven, P.H. 1952. Plant notes from San Francisco, California. Leafl. West. Bot. 6: 208-211.

Raven, P.H. 1969. Review of Phillip A. Munz. 1969. A Supplement to A California Flora. Madroño. 20, 4: 239-240.

Roof, J.B. 1976. A fresh approach to the genus Arctostaphylos in California. Four Seasons. 5, 2: 20-24.

Roof, J.B. 1978. Studies in Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae). Four Seasons. 5, 4: 2-21.

Roof, J.B. 1979. [Continuation of] A fresh approach to the genus Arctostaphylos in California. Changing Seasons. 1, 1: 3-24.

USFWS. 1979. Determination that Arctostaphylos hookeri ssp. ravenii is an Endangered Species. Federal Register. 44, 209: 61910-61911.

USFWS. 1979. Service Lists 32 Plants. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin. 4, 11: 1, 5-8.

USFWS. 1985. Endangered and Threatened Species: Receipt of Application for Permit. Federal Register. 50, 165: 34555-34556.

USFWS. 1987. Regional News--Region 1. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin. 12, 10: 2.

Vasey, M.C.; Parker, T.; Markos, S.E.; Hileman, L.C. 1995. Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships in Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae) using molecular and morphological analyses. American Journal of Botany. 82: 168-169.

Wells, P.V. 1968. New Subspecies of Arctostaphylos. Madroño. 19, 6: 197-208.

Wells, P.V. 1968. New taxa, combinations, and chromosome numbers in Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae). Madroño. 19, 193-210

Wells, P.V. 1988. New Combinations in Arctostaphylos: annotated list of changes in status. Madroño. 35, 4: 330-341.

Reports

USFWS. 1984. Raven's Manzanita Recovery Plan. Portland, OR: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p.73.

USFWS. 2001. Draft Recovery Plan for Coastal Plants of the Northern San Francisco Peninsula. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1. p.xv + 253.


  This profile was updated on 3/4/2010
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