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Conserving and restoring
America's native plants |
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CPC National Collection Plant Profile
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Abutilon menziesii
| Family: |
Malvaceae (Mallow Family) |
| Common Name: |
ko'oloa 'ula |
| Author: |
Seem. |
| Growth
Habit: |
Shrub |
| CPC
Number: |
13 |
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enlarge
| Photographer:
Waimea Arboretum |
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enlarge
| Photographer:
Elizabeth Huppman |
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| Primary
custodian for this plant in the CPC National Collection of Endangered
Plants is: |
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| David Orr contributed to this Plant Profile. |
Abutilon menziesii
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Abutilon menziesii is a beautiful shrub with velvety light green, heart shaped leaves. Its flowers range from pale pink to maroon and are borne singularly at the base of the leaves. Abutilon menziesii has apparently been uncommon since its discovery in the 1800's, and is currently found in the dry forests of Lana`i, East Maui and Hawai`i. In 1981, a specimen collection was made in an abandoned cane field at Ewa, on the island of Oah`u and identified as Abutilon menziesii. It was thought at the time to be an escape from cultivation, but today plants located at the Ewa location are recognized as a distinct, naturally occurring population.
| Distribution
& Occurrence |
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State Range
Habitat
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Seasonally dry steep eroded slopes and along washed out gullies, 200-520 meters in elevation. |
Distribution
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Lana`i
East Maui
Puako,Hawai`i
Ewa, O`ahu |
Number Left
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Lana`i- 2 populations, Pu`u Mahanalua and north or Kaumalapau Road.
East Maui- 5 populations, Kalialinui Gulch drainage (3), vicinity of Pu`u o kali near Kihei (2).
Hawai`i- 1 population, Puako
O`ahu- 1 population, Ewa
Total plants approximately 450-500.
(USFWS 1995) and (USFWS 2001) |
State/Area
Protection
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State/Area |
Rank |
Status |
Date |
|
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Hawaii |
S1 |
LE |
4/11/2002 |
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| Conservation,
Ecology & Research |
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Ecological
Relationships
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Carpenter bees and honey bees have been observed on the flowers, although honey bees seem to have difficulty accessing nectar because of the small size of the flowers. The native bee Nesoprosopis has rarely been observed on flowers of this species, and may have been more important as a pollinator in the past. Seed dispersal agents, longevity of plants and seeds, specific environmental requirements, and other limiting factors are unknown. (USFWS 1995) |
Threats
| |
Agriculture and development
Alien plants
Alien mammals-browsing, trampling
Rats
Fire
Insects-Chinese rose beetle
Loss of pollinators
(USFWS 1995)
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Current Research Summary
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Propagation via cuttings and seed. (USFWS 1995) |
Current Management Summary
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Seed collection
Monitoring
Ewa, O`ahu population is being propagated and relocated.
(USFWS 1995) |
Research Management Needs
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Management of existing populations through exclosures, monitoring, removal of threats.
Establishment of new field populations.
(USFWS 1995) |
Ex Situ Needs
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Propagation
Genetic studies
Physiological studies
Seed banking
(USFWS 1995) |
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| Books (Single Authors)
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| Bornhorst, H.L.; Rauch, F.D. 1994. Native Hawaiian Plants for Landscaping, Conservation, and Reforestation. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii--Hawaii Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. 18p. |
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| Wagner, W.L.; Bruegmann, M.M.; Herbst, D.R; Lau, J.Q.C. 1999. Hawaiian Vascular Plants at Risk: 1999. Honolulu, HI: Bishop Museum Press Honolulu. |
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| Wagner, W.L.; Herbst, D.R. 2002. Supplement to the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. |
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| Books (Sections)
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| Kartesz, J.T. 1999. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the U.S., Canada, and Greenland. In: Kartesz, J.T.; Meacham, C.A., editors. Synthesis of the North American Flora, Version 1.0. North Carolina Botanical Garden. Chapel Hill, NC. |
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| Electronic Sources
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| (2002). Hawaiian Native Plant Genera. ¬ Gerald D. Carr, University of Hawaii Botany Department. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/natives.htm. Accessed: 2002. |
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| (2002). Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database. [Web-based, searchable database] College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources: University of Hawaii at Manoa. http://pdcs.ctahr.hawaii.edu:591/hawnprop/botlist.htm. Accessed: 2002. |
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| Gustafson, R.J. Hawaii's Unique and Vanishing Flora: A Photographic Exhibition. [Web site] ¬ The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Foundation. http://www.nhm.org/research/botany/Hawaii_Vanishing_Flora/home.html. Accessed: 2002. |
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| Lum, B. Native Hawaiian Gardens. ¬ Burt Lum, 1996-98. http://www.brouhaha.net/nahele/main.html. Accessed: 2002. |
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| Yoshinaga, A. (2002). Seed storage characteristics of Hawaiian species. [Web site] University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96848. http://www.hawaii.edu/scb/seed/seedtabl.html. Accessed: 2002. |
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| Journal Articles
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| Ellshoff, Z.E. 1991. The Rarest Hawaiian Members of the Hibiscus Family. National Tropical Botanical Garden: The Bulletin. 21, 3: 7-12. |
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| Herbarium Pacificum Staff. 1999. New Hawaiian plant records for 1998. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers. 58: 3-11. |
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| Koob, G.A. 2000. It's not really "Red 'Ilima," but that's what people call it - Abutilon menziesii. Hawai'i Horticulture. 3, 12: 9-10. |
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| USFWS. 1976. Proposed Endangered Status for 1700 U.S. Plants. Federal Register. 41: 24523-24572. |
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| USFWS. 1985. Endangered Classification Proposed for Four Plants. Endangered Species Technical Bulletin. 10, 8: 4. |
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| USFWS. 1985. Public Hearings and Reopening of Comment Period on Proposed Endangered Status for Abutilon menziesii (ko`oloa 'ula), Hibiscadelphus distans (Kauai hau kuahiwi), Mezoneuron kavaiense (uhiuhi), and Scaevola coriacea (dwarf naupaka). Federal Register. 50, 202: 42196-42197. |
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| USFWS. 1986. Determination of endangered status for Abutilon menziesii (ko'oloa'ula). Federal Register. 51, 187: 34412 - 34415. |
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| Reports
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| MISC. 2001. Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC), Pulling Together Initiative. 2002 Project Proposal. Submitted to the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. p.14. |
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| USFWS. 1995. Lana`i Plant Cluster Recovery Plan. Portland, Oregon: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p.138. |
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| USFWS. 2001. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species List. March 30, 2000. Honolulu: Unpublished. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p.19. |
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